Uus-darwinismi ja ID

Gregor Johann Mendel (1822-1884)
kuva wikimedia

Kun Charles Darwinin teoria luonnonvalinnasta ja Gregor Johann Mendelin genetiikka kohtasivat...

En ole aiemmin oivaltanut, että näiden kahden tutkimusalan kohtaaminen kuvataan termillä uus-darwinismi. Asian opiskelemikseksi olen poiminut avainlauseita wikipedian artikkeleista, etenkin uus-darwininismista, joka on suuresti auttanut minua hahmottamaan luonnontieteen evoluutiota. Puran tiivistä tekstiä lisäten otsakkeita, kappalejakoa, kursiivia jne, itse tekstiä en ole muuttanut.

Huomautus kielestä: Englanti on tieteen kieli, erittäin hyvin siihen sopiva vahvan latinan pohjansa takia, joustava, ytimekäs, tarkka. Yritys sanoa sama suomeksi, hepreaksi, saksaksi, ranskaksikin johtaa kielellisiin ongelmiin ja ainakin minun on usein tieteen (tai tietokoneiden) parissa ymmärtää, mitä suomalainen teksti keksittyine sanahirviöineen tarkoittaa, esim. ituplasma. Suomeksi koetamme keskustella, mutta tarkistetaan alkuteksteistä, mistä on kyse.


Mendel ja perinnöllisyys

Mendelian inheritance was initially derived from the work of Gregor Johann Mendel published in 1865 and 1866 which was re-discovered in 1900. It was initially very controversial. When Mendel's theories were integrated with the chromosome theory of inheritance by Thomas Hunt Morgan in 1915, they became the core of classical genetics. wikipedia

Uus-darwinismin määritelmä

Neo-Darwinism is the 'modern synthesis' of Darwinian evolution through natural selection with Mendelian genetics, the latter being

a set of primary tenets specifying that evolution involves the transmission of characteristics from parent to child through the mechanism of genetic transfer, rather than the 'blending process' of pre-Mendelian evolutionary science.

Neo-Darwinism can also designate Darwin's ideas of natural selection separated from his hypothesis of Pangenesis as a Lamarckian source of variation involving blending inheritance.

Luonnonvalinta ainoa avain lajien synnylle?

As part of the disagreement about whether natural selection alone was sufficient to explain speciation, George Romanes coined the term neo-Darwinism to refer to the version of evolution advocated by Alfred Russel Wallace and August Weismann with its heavy dependence on natural selection.

Weismann and Wallace rejected the Lamarckian idea of inheritance of acquired characteristics, something that Darwin had not ruled out.

The term was first used in 1895 to explain that evolution occurs solely through natural selection, in other words, without any mechanism involving the inheritance of acquired characteristics resulting from use or disuse.

Ituplasma - August Weissmann

These two scientists' complete rejection of Lamarckism came from Weismann's germ plasm theory.

Weismann realised that the cells that produce the germ plasm, or gametes (such as sperm and egg in animals), separate from the somatic cells that go on to make other body tissues at an early stage in development.

Since he could see no obvious means of communication between the two he asserted that the inheritance of acquired characteristics was therefore impossible; a conclusion now known as Weismann's barrier.

Panselektionistinen koulukunta - R.A. Fisher

From the 1880s to the 1930s the term continued to be applied to the panselectionist school of thought, which argued that natural selection was the main and perhaps sole cause of all evolution. From then until around 1947 the term was used for the panselectionist followers of R. A. Fisher.

Uus-darwinismi tänään - moderni synteesi
Olen kirjoittanut "evolutionismista" ja nyt saan tästä kättä pitempää - kunhan keksin tai löydän oivan suomennoksen sanalle panselectionist! Ongelmana on se, että kyseisen artikkelin mukaan moderni evoluutiobiologia on käytännössä uus-darwinismia, kuten Anonyymi on pitkin tämänkin blogin keskusteluja huomautellut

Following the development, from about 1937 to 1950, of the modern evolutionary synthesis, now generally referred to as the synthetic view of evolution or the modern synthesis, the term neo-Darwinian is often used to refer to contemporary evolutionary theory.
However, such usage has been described by some as incorrect; with Ernst Mayr writing in 1984:
"...the term neo-Darwinism for the synthetic theory is wrong, because the term neo-Darwinism was coined by Romanes in 1895 as a designation of Weismann's theory."

Despite such objections, publications such as Encyclopædia Britannica use this term to refer to current evolutionary theory.

This term is also used in the scientific literature, with the academic publisher Blackwell Publishing referring to "neo-Darwinism as practised today", and some figures in the study of evolution like Richard Dawkins and Stephen Jay Gould using the term in their writings and lectures.

Lue alkuperäinen wikipedian artikkeli tästä linkistä.

Intelligent Design
Juuri tähän kohtaan - panselektionismiin - Intelligent Design kohdistaa arvostelunsa sanoen, että sokea kelloseppä, suunnittelematon evoluutio, jonka perustana on sattumanvarainen perinnön muuntuminen (blending), ei mitenkään saa aikaan näkemäämme bakteerimoottoria. Tieteelliseen selitykseen tarvitaan välttämättä mukaan näkevä Kelloseppä!

Eikö olekin wikipediassa reipas terminologian kartoitus, kiusallisen täynnä asioita, joista täytyisi oppia lisää.

Täyttä tavaraa!